Reading section 100

110 To walk round an object keeping the right side towards it is a mark of great respect. The Sanskrit word for the observance is _pradakshiṇá_, from pra pro, and _daksha_ right, Greek δεξίος, Latin dexter, Gaelic deas-il. A similar ceremony is observed by the Gaels.

“In the meantime she traced around him, with wavering steps, the propitiation, which some have thought has been derived from the Druidical mythology. It consists, as is well known, in the person who makes the _deasil_ walking three times round the person who is the object of the ceremony, taking care to move according to the course of the sun.”

SCOTT. _The Two Drovers._

111 The _Amrit_, the nectar of the Indian Gods.

_ 112 Gandharvas_ (Southey’s Glendoveers) are celestial musicians inhabiting Indra’s heaven and forming the orchestra at all the banquets of the principal deities.

_ 113 Yakshas_, demigods attendant especially on Kuvera, and employed by him in the care of his garden and treasures.

_ 114 Kimpurushas_, demigods attached also to the service of Kuvera, celestial musicians, represented like centaurs reversed with human figures and horses’ heads.

_ 115 Siddhas_, demigods or spirits of undefined attributes, occupying with the _Vidyádharas_ the middle air or region between the earth and the sun.

Schlegel translates: “Divi, Sapientes, Fidicines, Præpetes, illustres Genii, Præconesque procrearunt natos, masculos, silvicolas; angues porro, Hippocephali Beati, Aligeri, Serpentesque frequentes alacriter generavere prolem innumerabilem.”

116 A mountain in the south of India.

117 The preceptor of the Gods and regent of the planet Jupiter.

118 The celestial architect, the Indian Hephæstus, Mulciber, or Vulcan.

119 The God of Fire.

120 Twin children of the Sun, the physicians of Swarga or Indra’s heaven.

121 The deity of the waters.

122 Parjanya, sometimes confounded with Indra.

123 The bird and vehicle of Vishṇu. He is generally represented as a being something between a man and a bird and considered as the sovereign of the feathered race. He may be compared with the Simurgh of the Persians, the ’Anká of the Arabs, the Griffin of chivalry, the Phœnix of Egypt, and the bird that sits upon the ash Yggdrasil of the Edda.

124 This Canto will appear ridiculous to the European reader. But it should be remembered that the monkeys of an Indian forest, the “bough-deer” as the poets call them, are very different animals from the “turpissima bestia” that accompanies the itinerant organ-grinder or grins in the Zoological Gardens of London. Milton has made his hero, Satan, assume the forms of a cormorant, a toad, and a serpent, and I cannot see that this creation of semi-divine Vánars, or monkeys, is more ridiculous or undignified.

125 The consort of Indra, called also Śachí and Indráṇí.

126 The _Michelia champaca_. It bears a scented yellow blossom:

“The maid of India blest again to hold In her full lap the Champac’s leaves of gold.”

_Lallah Rookh._

127 Vibháṇdak, the father of Rishyaśring

128 A hemiśloka is wanting in Schlegel’s text, which he thus fills up in his Latin translation.

129 Rishyaśring, a Bráhman, had married Śántá who was of the Kshatriya or Warrior caste and an expiatory ceremony was necessary on account of this violation of the law.

130 “The poet no doubt intended to indicate the vernal equinox as the birthday of Ráma. For the month _Chaitra_ is the first of the two months assigned to the spring; it corresponds with the latter half of March and the former half of April in our division of the year. _Aditi_, the mother of the Gods, is lady of the seventh lunar mansion which is called _Punarvasu_. The five planets and their positions in the Zodiac are thus enumerated by both commentators: the Sun in Aries, Mars in Capricorn, Saturn in Libra, Jupiter in Cancer, Venus in Pisces.… I leave to astronomers to examine whether the parts of the description agree with one another, and, if this be the case, thence to deduce the date. The Indians place the nativity of Ráma in the confines of the second age (tretá) and the third (dwápara): but it seems that this should be taken in an allegorical sense.… We may consider that the poet had an eye to the time in which, immediately before his own age, the aspects of the heavenly bodies were such as he has described.” SCHLEGEL.

131 The regent of the planet Jupiter.

132 Indra = Jupiter Tonans.

133 “_Pushya_ is the name of a month; but here it means the eighth mansion. The ninth is called _Asleshá_, or the snake. It is evident from this that Bharat, though his birth is mentioned before that of the twins, was the youngest of the four brothers and Ráma’s junior by eleven months.” SCHLEGEL.

134 A fish, the Zodiacal sign _Pisces_.

135 One of the constellations, containing stars in the wing of Pegasus.

136 Ráma means the Delight (of the World); Bharat, the Supporter; Lakshmaṇ, the Auspicious; Śatrughna, the Slayer of Foes.

137 Schlegel, in the _Indische Bibliothek_, remarks that the proficiency of the Indians in this art early attracted the attention of Alexander’s successors, and natives of India were so long exclusively employed in this service that the name Indian was applied to any elephant-driver, to whatever country he might belong.

138 The story of this famous saint is given at sufficient length in Cantos LI-LV.

This saint has given his name to the district and city to the east of Benares. The original name, preserved in a land-grant on copper now in the Museum of the Benares College, has been Moslemized into Ghazeepore (the City of the Soldier-martyr).

139 The son of Kuśik is Viśvámitra.

140 At the recollection of their former enmity, to be described hereafter.

141 The Indian nectar or drink of the Gods.

142 Great joy, according to the Hindu belief, has this effect, not causing each particular hair to stand on end, but gently raising all the down upon the body.

143 The Rákshasas, giants, or fiends who are represented as disturbing the sacrifice, signify here, as often elsewhere, merely the savage tribes which placed themselves in hostile opposition to Bráhmanical institutions.

144 Consisting of horse, foot, chariots, and elephants.

145 “The Gandharvas, or heavenly bards, had originally a warlike character but were afterwards reduced to the office of celestial musicians cheering the banquets of the Gods. Dr. Kuhn has shown their identity with the Centaurs in name, origin and attributes.” GORRESIO.

146 These mysterious animated weapons are enumerated in Cantos XXIX and XXX. Daksha was the son of Brahmá and one of the Prajápatis, Demiurgi, or secondary authors of creation.

147 Youths of the Kshatriya class used to leave unshorn the side locks of their hair. These were called _Káka-paksha_, or raven’s wings.

148 The Rákshas or giant Rávaṇ, king of Lanká.

149 “The meaning of Aśvins (from _aśva_ a horse, Persian asp, Greek ἵππος, Latin _equus_, Welsh ech) is Horsemen. They were twin deities of whom frequent mention is made in the Vedas and the Indian myths. The Aśvins have much in common with the Dioscuri of Greece, and their mythical genealogy seems to indicate that their origin was astronomical. They were, perhaps, at first the morning star and evening star. They are said to be the children of the sun and the nymph Aśviní, who is one of the lunar asterisms personified. In the popular mythology they are regarded as the physicians of the Gods.” GORRESIO.

150 The word Kumára (a young prince, a Childe) is also a proper name of Skanda or Kártikeya God of War, the son of Śiva and Umá. The babe was matured in the fire.

151 “At the rising of the sun as well as at noon certain observances, invocations, and prayers were prescribed which might under no circumstances be omitted. One of these observances was the recitation of the Sávitrí, a Vedic hymn to the Sun of wonderful beauty.” GORRESIO.

_ 152 Tripathaga_, _Three-path-go,_ flowing in heaven, on earth, and under the earth. See Canto XLV.

153 Tennyson’s “Indian Cama,” the God of Love, known also by many other names.

_ 154 Umá_, or _Parvatí_, was daughter of Himálaya, Monarch of mountains, and wife of Śiva. See Kálidasa’s _Kumára Sambhava_, or _Birth of the War-God_.

_ 155 Stháṇu_. The Unmoving one, a name of Śiva.

156 “The practice of austerities, voluntary tortures, and mortifications was anciently universal in India, and was held by the Indians to be of immense efficacy. Hence they mortified themselves to expiate sins, to acquire merits, and to obtain superhuman gifts and powers; the Gods themselves sometimes exercised themselves in such austerities, either to raise themselves to greater power and grandeur, or to counteract the austerities of man which threatened to prevail over them and to deprive them of heaven.… Such austerities were called in India _tapas_ (burning ardour, fervent devotion) and he who practised them _tapasvin_.” GORRESIO.

_ 157 The Bodiless one._

158 “A celebrated lake regarded in India as sacred. It lies in the lofty region between the northern highlands of the Himálayas and mount Kailása, the region of the sacred lakes. The poem, following the popular Indian belief, makes the river Sarayú (now Sarjú) flow from the Mánasa lake; the sources of the river are a little to the south about a day’s journey from the lake. See Lassen, _Indische Alterthumshunde_, page 34.” GORRESIO. _Manas_ means mind; _mánasa_, mental, mind-born.

_ 159 Sarovar_ means best of lakes. This is another of the poet’s fanciful etymologies.

160 The confluence of two or more rivers is often a venerated and holy place. The most famous is Prayág or Allahabad, where the Sarasvatí by an underground course is believed to join the Jumna and the Ganges.

161 The botanical names of the trees mentioned in the text are Grislea Tormentosa, Shorea Robusta, Echites Antidysenterica, Bignonia Suaveolens, Œgle Marmelos, and Diospyrus Glutinosa. I have omitted the _Kutaja_ (Echites) and the _Tiṇḍuka_ (Diospyrus).

162 Here we meet with a fresh myth to account for the name of these regions. _Malaja_ is probably a non-Aryan word signifying a hilly country: taken as a Sanskrit compound it means _sprung from defilement_. The word _Karúsha_ appears to have a somewhat similar meaning.

163 “This is one of those indefinable mythic personages who are found in the ancient traditions of many nations, and in whom cosmogonical or astronomical notions are generally figured. Thus it is related of Agastya that the Vindhyan mountains prostrated themselves before him; and yet the same Agastya is believed to be regent of the star Canopus.” GORRESIO.